STATE OF NEW YORK
________________________________________________________________________
11322--B
IN ASSEMBLY
May 11, 2026
___________
Introduced by COMMITTEE ON RULES -- (at request of M. of A. Levenberg)
-- read once and referred to the Committee on Transportation --
committee discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and
recommitted to said committee -- again reported from said committee
with amendments, ordered reprinted as amended and recommitted to said
committee
AN ACT to amend the vehicle and traffic law and the public officers law,
in relation to establishing a school speed zone camera demonstration
program in the village of Croton-on-Hudson; and providing for the
repeal of such provisions upon expiration thereof
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem-bly, do enact as follows:
1 Section 1. The vehicle and traffic law is amended by adding a new
2 section 1180-i to read as follows:
3 § 1180-i. Owner liability for failure of operator to comply with
4 certain posted maximum speed limits. (a) 1. Notwithstanding any other
5 provision of law, the village of Croton-on-Hudson is hereby authorized
6 to establish a demonstration program imposing monetary liability on the
7 owner of a vehicle for failure of an operator thereof to comply with
8 posted maximum speed limits in a school speed zone within such village
9 (i) when a school speed limit is in effect as provided in paragraphs one
10 and two of subdivision (c) of section eleven hundred eighty of this
11 article or (ii) when other speed limits are in effect as provided in
12 subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of
13 this article during the following times: (A) on school days during
14 school hours and one hour before and one hour after the school day, and
15 (B) a period during student activities at the school and up to thirty
16 minutes immediately before and up to thirty minutes immediately after
17 such student activities. Such demonstration program shall empower the
18 village of Croton-on-Hudson to install photo speed violation monitoring
19 systems within no more than three school speed zones within such village
20 at any one time and to operate such systems within such zones (iii) when
21 a school speed limit is in effect as provided in paragraphs one and two
22 of subdivision (c) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article or
EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[] is old law to be omitted.
LBD15650-07-6
A. 11322--B 2
1 (iv) when other speed limits are in effect as provided in subdivision
2 (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article
3 during the following times: (A) on school days during school hours and
4 one hour before and one hour after the school day, and (B) a period
5 during student activities at the school and up to thirty minutes imme-
6 diately before and up to thirty minutes immediately after such student
7 activities. In selecting a school speed zone in which to install and
8 operate a photo speed violation monitoring system, the village shall
9 consider criteria including, but not limited to, the speed data, crash
10 history, and the roadway geometry applicable to such school speed zone.
11 2. No photo speed violation monitoring system shall be used in a
12 school speed zone unless (i) on the day it is to be used it has success-
13 fully passed a self-test of its functions; and (ii) it has undergone an
14 annual calibration check performed pursuant to paragraph four of this
15 subdivision. The village shall install signs giving notice that a photo
16 speed violation monitoring system is in use to be mounted on advance
17 warning signs notifying motor vehicle operators of such upcoming school
18 speed zone and/or on speed limit signs applicable within such school
19 speed zone, in conformance with standards established in the MUTCD.
20 3. Operators of photo speed violation monitoring systems shall have
21 completed training in the procedures for setting up, testing, and oper-
22 ating such systems. Each such operator shall complete and sign a daily
23 set-up log for each such system that such operator operates that (i)
24 states the date and time when, and the location where, the system was
25 set up that day, and (ii) states that such operator successfully
26 performed, and the system passed, the self-tests of such system before
27 producing a recorded image that day. The village shall retain each such
28 daily log until the later of the date on which the photo speed violation
29 monitoring system to which it applies has been permanently removed from
30 use or the final resolution of all cases involving notices of liability
31 issued based on photographs, microphotographs, videotape or other
32 recorded images produced by such system.
33 4. Each photo speed violation monitoring system shall undergo an annu-
34 al calibration check performed by an independent calibration laboratory
35 which shall issue a signed certificate of calibration. The village shall
36 keep each such annual certificate of calibration on file until the final
37 resolution of all cases involving a notice of liability issued during
38 such year which were based on photographs, microphotographs, videotape
39 or other recorded images produced by such photo speed violation monitor-
40 ing system.
41 5. (i) Such demonstration program shall utilize necessary technologies
42 to ensure, to the extent practicable, that photographs, microphoto-
43 graphs, videotape or other recorded images produced by such photo speed
44 violation monitoring systems shall not include images that identify the
45 driver, the passengers, or the contents of the vehicle. Provided,
46 however, that no notice of liability issued pursuant to this section
47 shall be dismissed solely because such a photograph, microphotograph,
48 videotape or other recorded image allows for the identification of the
49 driver, the passengers, or the contents of vehicles where the village
50 shows that it made reasonable efforts to comply with the provisions of
51 this paragraph in such case.
52 (ii) Photographs, microphotographs, videotape or any other recorded
53 image from a photo speed violation monitoring system shall be for the
54 exclusive use of the village for the purpose of the adjudication of
55 liability imposed pursuant to this section and of the owner receiving a
56 notice of liability pursuant to this section, and shall be destroyed by
A. 11322--B 3
1 the village upon the final resolution of the notice of liability to
2 which such photographs, microphotographs, videotape or other recorded
3 images relate, or one year following the date of issuance of such notice
4 of liability, whichever is later. Notwithstanding the provisions of any
5 other law, rule or regulation to the contrary, photographs, microphoto-
6 graphs, videotape or any other recorded image from a photo speed
7 violation monitoring system shall not be open to the public, nor subject
8 to civil or criminal process or discovery, nor used by any court or
9 administrative or adjudicatory body in any action or proceeding therein
10 except that which is necessary for the adjudication of a notice of
11 liability issued pursuant to this section, and no public entity or
12 employee, officer or agent thereof shall disclose such information,
13 except that such photographs, microphotographs, videotape or any other
14 recorded images from such systems:
15 (A) shall be available for inspection and copying and use by the motor
16 vehicle owner and operator for so long as such photographs, microphoto-
17 graphs, videotape or other recorded images are required to be maintained
18 or are maintained by such public entity, employee, officer or agent; and
19 (B) (1) shall be furnished when described in a search warrant issued
20 by a court authorized to issue such a search warrant pursuant to article
21 six hundred ninety of the criminal procedure law or a federal court
22 authorized to issue such a search warrant under federal law, where such
23 search warrant states that there is reasonable cause to believe such
24 information constitutes evidence of, or tends to demonstrate that, a
25 misdemeanor or felony offense was committed in this state or another
26 state, or that a particular person participated in the commission of a
27 misdemeanor or felony offense in this state or another state, provided,
28 however, that if such offense was against the laws of another state, the
29 court shall only issue a warrant if the conduct comprising such offense
30 would, if occurring in this state, constitute a misdemeanor or felony
31 against the laws of this state; and
32 (2) shall be furnished in response to a subpoena duces tecum signed by
33 a judge of competent jurisdiction and issued pursuant to article six
34 hundred ten of the criminal procedure law or a judge or magistrate of a
35 federal court authorized to issue such a subpoena duces tecum under
36 federal law, where the judge finds and the subpoena states that there is
37 reasonable cause to believe such information is relevant and material to
38 the prosecution, or the defense, or the investigation by an authorized
39 law enforcement official, of the alleged commission of a misdemeanor or
40 felony in this state or another state, provided, however, that if such
41 offense was against the laws of another state, such judge or magistrate
42 shall only issue such subpoena if the conduct comprising such offense
43 would, if occurring in this state, constitute a misdemeanor or felony in
44 this state; and
45 (3) may, if lawfully obtained pursuant to this clause and clause (A)
46 of this subparagraph and otherwise admissible, be used in such criminal
47 action or proceeding.
48 (b) If the village of Croton-on-Hudson establishes a demonstration
49 program pursuant to subdivision (a) of this section, the owner of a
50 vehicle shall be liable for a penalty imposed pursuant to this section
51 if such vehicle was used or operated with the permission of the owner,
52 express or implied, within a school speed zone in violation of subdivi-
53 sion (c) or during the times authorized pursuant to subdivision (a) of
54 this section in violation of subdivision (b), (d), (f) or (g) of section
55 eleven hundred eighty of this article, such vehicle was traveling at a
56 speed of more than ten miles per hour above the posted speed limit in
A. 11322--B 4
1 effect within such school speed zone, and such violation is evidenced by
2 information obtained from a photo speed violation monitoring system;
3 provided however that no owner of a vehicle shall be liable for a penal-
4 ty imposed pursuant to this section where the operator of such vehicle
5 has been convicted of the underlying violation of subdivision (b), (c),
6 (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article.
7 (c) For purposes of this section, the following terms shall have the
8 following meanings:
9 1. "manual on uniform traffic control devices" or "MUTCD" shall mean
10 the manual and specifications for a uniform system of traffic control
11 devices maintained by the commissioner of transportation pursuant to
12 section sixteen hundred eighty of this chapter;
13 2. "owner" shall have the meaning provided in article two-B of this
14 chapter;
15 3. "photo speed violation monitoring system" shall mean a vehicle
16 sensor installed to work in conjunction with a speed measuring device
17 which automatically produces two or more photographs, two or more micro-
18 photographs, a videotape or other recorded images of each vehicle at the
19 time it is used or operated in a school speed zone in violation of
20 subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty
21 of this article in accordance with the provisions of this section; and
22 4. "school speed zone" shall mean a distance not to exceed one thou-
23 sand three hundred twenty feet on a highway passing a school building,
24 entrance or exit of a school abutting on the highway.
25 (d) A certificate, sworn to or affirmed by a technician employed by
26 the village of Croton-on-Hudson, or a facsimile thereof, based upon
27 inspection of photographs, microphotographs, videotape or other recorded
28 images produced by a photo speed violation monitoring system, shall be
29 prima facie evidence of the facts contained therein. Any photographs,
30 microphotographs, videotape or other recorded images evidencing such a
31 violation shall include at least two date and time stamped images of the
32 rear of the motor vehicle that include the same stationary object near
33 the motor vehicle and shall be available for inspection reasonably in
34 advance of and at any proceeding to adjudicate the liability for such
35 violation pursuant to this section.
36 (e) An owner liable for a violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)
37 or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article pursuant to a
38 demonstration program established pursuant to this section shall be
39 liable for monetary penalties in accordance with a schedule of fines and
40 penalties to be set forth in such local law or ordinance. The liability
41 of the owner pursuant to this section shall not exceed fifty dollars for
42 each violation; provided, however, that such local law or ordinance may
43 provide for an additional penalty not in excess of twenty-five dollars
44 for each violation for the failure to respond to a notice of liability
45 within the prescribed time period.
46 (f) An imposition of liability under the demonstration program estab-
47 lished pursuant to this section shall not be deemed a conviction as an
48 operator and shall not be made part of the operating record of the
49 person upon whom such liability is imposed nor shall it be used for
50 insurance purposes in the provision of motor vehicle insurance coverage.
51 (g) 1. A notice of liability shall be sent by first class mail to each
52 person alleged to be liable as an owner for a violation of subdivision
53 (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this arti-
54 cle pursuant to this section, within fourteen business days if such
55 owner is a resident of this state and within forty-five business days if
56 such owner is a non-resident. Personal delivery on the owner shall not
A. 11322--B 5
1 be required. A manual or automatic record of mailing prepared in the
2 ordinary course of business shall be prima facie evidence of the facts
3 contained therein.
4 2. A notice of liability shall contain the name and address of the
5 person alleged to be liable as an owner for a violation of subdivision
6 (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this arti-
7 cle pursuant to this section, the registration number of the vehicle
8 involved in such violation, the location where such violation took
9 place, the date and time of such violation, the identification number of
10 the camera which recorded the violation or other document locator
11 number, at least two date and time stamped images of the rear of the
12 motor vehicle that include the same stationary object near the motor
13 vehicle, and the certificate charging the liability.
14 3. The notice of liability shall contain information advising the
15 person charged of the manner and the time in which such person may
16 contest the liability alleged in the notice. Such notice of liability
17 shall also contain a prominent warning to advise the person charged that
18 failure to contest in the manner and time provided shall be deemed an
19 admission of liability and that a default judgment may be entered there-
20 on.
21 4. The notice of liability shall be prepared and mailed by the village
22 of Croton-on-Hudson, or by any other entity authorized by the village to
23 prepare and mail such notice of liability.
24 (h) Adjudication of the liability imposed upon owners of this section
25 shall be by a traffic violations bureau established pursuant to section
26 three hundred seventy of the general municipal law or, if there be none,
27 by the court having jurisdiction over traffic infractions.
28 (i) If an owner receives a notice of liability pursuant to this
29 section for any time period during which the vehicle or the number plate
30 or plates of such vehicle was reported to the police department as
31 having been stolen, it shall be a valid defense to an allegation of
32 liability for a violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of
33 section eleven hundred eighty of this article pursuant to this section
34 that the vehicle or the number plate or plates of such vehicle had been
35 reported to the police as stolen prior to the time the violation
36 occurred and had not been recovered by such time. For purposes of
37 asserting the defense provided by this subdivision, it shall be suffi-
38 cient that a certified copy of the police report on the stolen vehicle
39 or number plate or plates of such vehicle be sent by first class mail to
40 the traffic violations bureau or court having jurisdiction.
41 (j) An owner who is a lessor of a vehicle to which a notice of liabil-
42 ity was issued pursuant to subdivision (g) of this section shall not be
43 liable for the violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of
44 section eleven hundred eighty of this article pursuant to this section,
45 provided that such owner sends to the traffic violations bureau or court
46 having jurisdiction a copy of the rental, lease or other such contract
47 document covering such vehicle on the date of the violation, with the
48 name and address of the lessee clearly legible, within thirty-seven days
49 after receiving notice from the bureau or court of the date and time of
50 such violation, together with the other information contained in the
51 original notice of liability. Failure to send such information within
52 such thirty-seven day time period shall render the owner liable for the
53 penalty prescribed by this section. Where the lessor complies with the
54 provisions of this subdivision, the lessee of such vehicle on the date
55 of such violation shall be deemed to be the owner of such vehicle for
56 purposes of this section, shall be subject to liability for the
A. 11322--B 6
1 violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven
2 hundred eighty of this article pursuant to this section and shall be
3 sent a notice of liability pursuant to subdivision (g) of this section.
4 (k) 1. If the owner liable for a violation of subdivision (c) or (d)
5 of section eleven hundred eighty of this article pursuant to this
6 section was not the operator of the vehicle at the time of the
7 violation, the owner may maintain an action for indemnification against
8 the operator.
9 2. Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, no owner of a
10 vehicle shall be subject to a monetary fine imposed pursuant to this
11 section if the operator of such vehicle was operating such vehicle with-
12 out the consent of the owner at the time such operator operated such
13 vehicle in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section
14 eleven hundred eighty of this article. For purposes of this subdivision
15 there shall be a presumption that the operator of such vehicle was oper-
16 ating such vehicle with the consent of the owner at the time such opera-
17 tor operated such vehicle in violation of subdivision (b), (c), (d), (f)
18 or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of this article.
19 (l) Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit the liability
20 of an operator of a vehicle for any violation of subdivision (c) or (d)
21 of section eleven hundred eighty of this article.
22 (m) If the village adopts a demonstration program pursuant to subdivi-
23 sion (a) of this section it shall conduct a study and submit an annual
24 report on the results of the use of photo devices to the governor, the
25 temporary president of the senate and the speaker of the assembly on or
26 before the first day of June next succeeding the effective date of this
27 section and on the same date in each succeeding year in which the demon-
28 stration program is operable. Such report shall include:
29 1. the locations where and dates when photo speed violation monitoring
30 systems were used;
31 2. the aggregate number, type and severity of crashes, fatalities,
32 injuries and property damage reported within all school speed zones
33 within the village, to the extent the information is maintained by the
34 department of motor vehicles of this state;
35 3. the aggregate number, type and severity of crashes, fatalities,
36 injuries and property damage reported within school speed zones where
37 photo speed violation monitoring systems were used, to the extent the
38 information is maintained by the department of motor vehicles of this
39 state;
40 4. the number of violations recorded within all school speed zones
41 within the village, in the aggregate on a daily, weekly and monthly
42 basis;
43 5. the number of violations recorded within each school speed zone
44 where a photo speed violation monitoring system is used, in the aggre-
45 gate on a daily, weekly and monthly basis;
46 6. the number of violations recorded within all school speed zones
47 within the village that were:
48 (i) more than ten but not more than twenty miles per hour over the
49 posted speed limit;
50 (ii) more than twenty but not more than thirty miles per hour over the
51 posted speed limit;
52 (iii) more than thirty but not more than forty miles per hour over the
53 posted speed limit; and
54 (iv) more than forty miles per hour over the posted speed limit;
55 7. the number of violations recorded within each school speed zone
56 where a photo speed violation monitoring system is used that were:
A. 11322--B 7
1 (i) more than ten but not more than twenty miles per hour over the
2 posted speed limit;
3 (ii) more than twenty but not more than thirty miles per hour over the
4 posted speed limit;
5 (iii) more than thirty but not more than forty miles per hour over the
6 posted speed limit; and
7 (iv) more than forty miles per hour over the posted speed limit;
8 8. the total number of notices of liability issued for violations
9 recorded by such systems;
10 9. the number of fines and total amount of fines paid after the first
11 notice of liability issued for violations recorded by such systems;
12 10. the number of violations adjudicated and the results of such adju-
13 dications including breakdowns of dispositions made for violations
14 recorded by such systems;
15 11. the total amount of revenue realized by the village in connection
16 with the program;
17 12. the expenses incurred by the village in connection with the
18 program; and
19 13. the quality of the adjudication process and its results.
20 (n) It shall be a defense to any prosecution for a violation of subdi-
21 vision (b), (c), (d), (f) or (g) of section eleven hundred eighty of
22 this article pursuant to this section that such photo speed violation
23 monitoring system was malfunctioning at the time of the alleged
24 violation.
25 § 2. Subdivision 2 of section 87 of the public officers law is amended
26 by adding a new paragraph (x) to read as follows:
27 (x) are photographs, microphotographs, videotape or other recorded
28 images prepared under the authority of section eleven hundred eighty-i
29 of the vehicle and traffic law.
30 § 3. The purchase or lease of equipment for a demonstration program
31 established pursuant to section 1180-i of the vehicle and traffic law,
32 as added by section one of this act, shall be subject to the provisions
33 of section 103 of the general municipal law.
34 § 4. This act shall take effect on the thirtieth day after it shall
35 have become a law and shall expire December 31, 2031, when upon such
36 date the provisions of this act shall be deemed repealed.
37 Effective immediately, the addition, amendment and/or repeal of any
38 rule or regulation necessary for the implementation of this act on its
39 effective date are authorized to be made and completed on or before such
40 effective date.
