Provides that the court shall not reduce jury awards as excessive in employment discrimination actions unless the court finds exceptional circumstances which compel the conclusion that the jury was influenced by partiality, prejudice, mistake or corruption or that remittitur or additur is necessary to avoid a complete miscarriage of justice.
STATE OF NEW YORK
________________________________________________________________________
1182--A
2025-2026 Regular Sessions
IN ASSEMBLY
January 9, 2025
___________
Introduced by M. of A. SEAWRIGHT, ROZIC, TAYLOR, STECK, SIMON, CRUZ,
GALLAGHER, SHRESTHA, RAJKUMAR, WEPRIN, BRONSON, WOERNER, GONZALEZ-RO-
JAS, VALDEZ -- Multi-Sponsored by -- M. of A. LEVENBERG -- read once
and referred to the Committee on Judiciary -- recommitted to the
Committee on Judiciary in accordance with Assembly Rule 3, sec. 2 --
committee discharged, bill amended, ordered reprinted as amended and
recommitted to said committee
AN ACT to amend the civil practice law and rules and the executive law,
in relation to jury awards for unlawful discriminatory practices
relating to employment
The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem-bly, do enact as follows:
1 Section 1. Subdivision (a) of rule 4404 of the civil practice law and
2 rules, such rule as renumbered by chapter 315 of the laws of 1962, is
3 amended to read as follows:
4 (a) Motion after trial where jury required. After a trial of a cause
5 of action or issue triable of right by a jury, upon the motion of any
6 party or on its own initiative, the court may set aside a verdict or any
7 judgment entered thereon and direct that judgment be entered in favor of
8 a party entitled to judgment as a matter of law or it may order a new
9 trial of a cause of action or separable issue where the verdict is
10 contrary to the weight of the evidence, in the interest of justice or
11 where the jury cannot agree after being kept together for as long as is
12 deemed reasonable by the court. No court shall order a new trial on the
13 ground that the jury award was excessive, or otherwise act to reduce the
14 jury's award in a case involving an unlawful discriminatory practice
15 under section two hundred ninety-six of the executive law relating to
16 employment, including a claim by a non-employee under section two
17 hundred ninety-six-d of the executive law, or under any analogous local
18 or municipal human rights law, if applicable, without fully satisfying
19 the pertinent standards set forth in paragraph two of subdivision (c) of
EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
[] is old law to be omitted.
LBD00984-02-6
A. 1182--A 2
1 section fifty-five hundred one of this chapter and paragraph (b) of
2 subdivision nine of section two hundred ninety-seven of the executive
3 law.
4 § 2. Subdivision (c) of section 5501 of the civil practice law and
5 rules, as amended by chapter 474 of the laws of 1997, is amended to read
6 as follows:
7 (c) Appellate division. 1. The appellate division shall review ques-
8 tions of law and questions of fact on an appeal from a judgment or order
9 of a court of original instance and on an appeal from an order of the
10 supreme court, a county court or an appellate term determining an
11 appeal. The notice of appeal from an order directing summary judgment,
12 or directing judgment on a motion addressed to the pleadings, shall be
13 deemed to specify a judgment upon said order entered after service of
14 the notice of appeal and before entry of the order of the appellate
15 court upon such appeal, without however affecting the taxation of costs
16 upon the appeal. In reviewing a money judgment in an action in which an
17 itemized verdict is required by rule forty-one hundred eleven of this
18 chapter in which it is contended that the award is excessive or inade-
19 quate and that a new trial should have been granted unless a stipulation
20 is entered to a different award, the appellate division shall determine
21 that an award is excessive or inadequate if it deviates materially from
22 what would be reasonable compensation.
23 2. Where an award is made by a jury for any damages in a case involv-
24 ing an unlawful discriminatory practice under section two hundred nine-
25 ty-six of the executive law relating to employment, or under any analo-
26 gous local or municipal human rights law, including a claim by a
27 non-employee under section two hundred ninety-six-d of the executive
28 law, the jury's verdict is presumed to be correct. Any such jury award
29 shall not be disturbed unless the court finds, reviewing the evidence in
30 the light most favorable to sustaining the verdict, exceptional circum-
31 stances which compel the conclusion that: (i) the jury was influenced by
32 partiality, prejudice, mistake or corruption; or (ii) remittitur or
33 additur is necessary to avoid a complete miscarriage of justice. In
34 making such determination, the court shall give primary weight to the
35 remedial purpose of the law, and shall not limit any award by using any
36 characterizations of other damage awards. In any such case, the court
37 shall not be bound by any precedent which utilized the concept of mate-
38 rial deviation from what would be reasonable compensation, or a judge's
39 personal knowledge or experiences from prior cases.
40 § 3. Subdivision 9 of section 297 of the executive law, as amended by
41 chapter 140 of the laws of 2022, is amended to read as follows:
42 9. (a) Any person claiming to be aggrieved by an unlawful discrimina-
43 tory practice shall have a cause of action in any court of appropriate
44 jurisdiction for damages, including, in cases of employment discrimi-
45 nation related to private employers and housing discrimination only,
46 punitive damages, and such other remedies as may be appropriate, includ-
47 ing any civil fines and penalties provided in subdivision four of this
48 section, unless such person had filed a complaint hereunder or with any
49 local commission on human rights, or with the superintendent pursuant to
50 the provisions of section two hundred ninety-six-a of this article,
51 provided that, where the division has dismissed such complaint on the
52 grounds of administrative convenience, on the grounds of untimeliness,
53 or on the grounds that the election of remedies is annulled, such person
54 shall maintain all rights to bring suit as if no complaint had been
55 filed with the division. At any time prior to a hearing before a hearing
56 examiner, a person who has a complaint pending at the division may
A. 1182--A 3
1 request that the division dismiss the complaint and annul [his or her]
2 their election of remedies so that the human rights law claim may be
3 pursued in court, and the division may, upon such request, dismiss the
4 complaint on the grounds that such person's election of an administra-
5 tive remedy is annulled. Notwithstanding subdivision (a) of section two
6 hundred four of the civil practice law and rules, if a complaint is so
7 annulled by the division, upon the request of the party bringing such
8 complaint before the division, such party's rights to bring such cause
9 of action before a court of appropriate jurisdiction shall be limited by
10 the statute of limitations in effect in such court at the time the
11 complaint was initially filed with the division. Any party to a housing
12 discrimination complaint shall have the right within twenty days follow-
13 ing a determination of probable cause pursuant to subdivision two of
14 this section to elect to have an action commenced in a civil court, and
15 an attorney representing the division of human rights will be appointed
16 to present the complaint in court, or, with the consent of the division,
17 the case may be presented by complainant's attorney. A complaint filed
18 by the equal employment opportunity commission to comply with the
19 requirements of 42 USC 2000e-5(c) and 42 USC 12117(a) and 29 USC 633(b)
20 shall not constitute the filing of a complaint within the meaning of
21 this subdivision. No person who has initiated any action in a court of
22 competent jurisdiction or who has an action pending before any adminis-
23 trative agency under any other law of the state based upon an act which
24 would be an unlawful discriminatory practice under this article, may
25 file a complaint with respect to the same grievance under this section
26 or under section two hundred ninety-six-a of this article. In cases of
27 housing discrimination only, a person whose complaint has been dismissed
28 by the division after investigation for lack of jurisdiction or lack of
29 probable cause may file the same cause of action in a court of appropri-
30 ate jurisdiction pursuant to this section, unless judicial review of
31 such dismissal has been sought pursuant to section two hundred ninety-
32 eight of this article. The attorney general shall have the power to
33 commence an action or proceeding in the supreme court of the state of
34 New York, if, upon information or belief, the attorney general is of the
35 opinion that an employer has been, is, or is about to violate the
36 provisions regarding unlawful discriminatory retaliation pursuant to
37 subdivision seven of section two hundred ninety-six of this article.
38 Nothing in this section shall in any way limit rights or remedies which
39 are otherwise available under law to the attorney general or any other
40 person authorized to bring an action under this section.
41 (b) A verdict involving an unlawful discriminatory practice under
42 section two hundred ninety-six of this article relating to employment,
43 including a claim by a non-employee under section two hundred ninety-
44 six-d of this article, or under any analogous local or human rights law,
45 if applicable, shall not be subject to remittitur or additur, or grant-
46 ing of a motion for new trial on the ground that the verdict was exces-
47 sive or inadequate, or otherwise reduced or increased, unless the court
48 finds, reviewing the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining
49 the verdict, exceptional circumstances which compel the conclusion that:
50 (i) the jury was influenced by partiality, prejudice, mistake or
51 corruption; or (ii) that remittitur or additur is necessary to avoid a
52 complete miscarriage of justice. In making such determination, the court
53 shall give primary weight to the remedial purpose of the law, and shall
54 not limit any award by using any characterizations of other damage
55 awards. In any such case, the court shall not be bound by any precedent
56 which utilized the concept of material deviation from what would be
A. 1182--A 4
1 reasonable compensation. This provision is substantive in nature, as
2 opposed to procedural, and shall be so applied in any employment
3 discrimination action under this article, regardless of forum.
4 § 4. This act shall take effect immediately and shall apply to all
5 pending cases where a verdict has not yet been reached as of such effec-
6 tive date, as well as all claims filed on or after such effective date.
