A05921 Summary:

BILL NOA05921
 
SAME ASNo Same As
 
SPONSORWeinstein
 
COSPNSRWeprin, Seawright, Mosley, Bichotte, Joyner, Wallace, Otis, Pellegrino
 
MLTSPNSR
 
Amd §812, Fam Ct Act; amd §530.11, CP L
 
Relates to notification of rights of victims of domestic violence in criminal and family court proceedings.
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A05921 Actions:

BILL NOA05921
 
02/17/2017referred to judiciary
04/24/2017reported referred to codes
05/02/2017reported
05/04/2017advanced to third reading cal.290
05/08/2017passed assembly
05/08/2017delivered to senate
05/08/2017REFERRED TO CODES
01/03/2018DIED IN SENATE
01/03/2018RETURNED TO ASSEMBLY
01/03/2018ordered to third reading cal.424
05/08/2018passed assembly
05/08/2018delivered to senate
05/08/2018REFERRED TO CODES
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A05921 Committee Votes:

JUDICIARY Chair:Weinstein DATE:04/24/2017AYE/NAY:20/1 Action: Favorable refer to committee Codes
WeinsteinAyePalumboAye
DinowitzAyeMontesanoAye
TitusAyeBarclayAye
LavineAyeGoodellNay
ZebrowskiAyeGrafAye
WeprinAyeLupinacciAye
BraunsteinAye
SimotasAye
QuartAye
TitoneAye
BuchwaldAye
SteckAye
SeawrightAye
SimonAye
JoynerAye

CODES Chair:Lentol DATE:05/02/2017AYE/NAY:20/0 Action: Favorable
LentolAyeGrafAye
SchimmingerAyeGiglioExcused
WeinsteinAyeMcKevittAye
PretlowAyeMontesanoAye
CookAyeRaAye
CymbrowitzAyeMorinelloAye
TitusAye
O'DonnellAye
LavineAye
PerryAye
ZebrowskiAye
AbinantiAye
WeprinAye
MosleyAye
HevesiExcused
FahyAye

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A05921 Floor Votes:

DATE:05/08/2017Assembly Vote  YEA/NAY: 140/0
Yes
Abbate
Yes
Crouch
Yes
Goodell
Yes
Lifton
Yes
O'Donnell
Yes
Simanowitz
Yes
Abinanti
Yes
Curran
Yes
Gottfried
Yes
Lopez
Yes
Ortiz
Yes
Simon
Yes
Arroyo
Yes
Cusick
Yes
Graf
Yes
Lupardo
Yes
Otis
Yes
Simotas
Yes
Aubry
Yes
Cymbrowitz
Yes
Gunther
Yes
Lupinacci
Yes
Palmesano
Yes
Skartados
Yes
Barclay
Yes
Davila
Yes
Harris
Yes
Magee
Yes
Palumbo
Yes
Skoufis
Yes
Barnwell
Yes
De La Rosa
Yes
Hawley
Yes
Magnarelli
Yes
Paulin
Yes
Solages
Yes
Barrett
Yes
DenDekker
ER
Hevesi
ER
Malliotakis
Yes
Peoples-Stokes
Yes
Stec
Yes
Barron
Yes
Dickens
ER
Hikind
Yes
Mayer
Yes
Perry
Yes
Steck
Yes
Benedetto
Yes
Dilan
Yes
Hooper
Yes
McDonald
Yes
Pheffer Amato
Yes
Stirpe
Yes
Bichotte
Yes
Dinowitz
Yes
Hunter
Yes
McDonough
Yes
Pichardo
Yes
Thiele
Yes
Blake
Yes
DiPietro
Yes
Hyndman
Yes
McKevitt
Yes
Pretlow
Yes
Titone
Yes
Blankenbush
Yes
D'Urso
Yes
Jaffee
Yes
McLaughlin
Yes
Quart
ER
Titus
Yes
Brabenec
Yes
Englebright
Yes
Jean-Pierre
Yes
Miller B
Yes
Ra
Yes
Vanel
Yes
Braunstein
Yes
Errigo
Yes
Jenne
Yes
Miller MG
Yes
Raia
Yes
Walker
Yes
Brindisi
Yes
Fahy
Yes
Johns
Yes
Miller ML
Yes
Ramos
Yes
Wallace
Yes
Bronson
Yes
Farrell
Yes
Jones
Yes
Montesano
ER
Richardson
Yes
Walsh
Yes
Buchwald
ER
Finch
Yes
Joyner
Yes
Morelle
Yes
Rivera
Yes
Walter
Yes
Butler
Yes
Fitzpatrick
Yes
Kavanagh
Yes
Morinello
Yes
Rodriguez
Yes
Weinstein
Yes
Byrne
Yes
Friend
Yes
Kearns
Yes
Mosley
Yes
Rosenthal
Yes
Weprin
Yes
Cahill
Yes
Galef
Yes
Kim
Yes
Moya
Yes
Rozic
Yes
Williams
Yes
Carroll
ER
Gantt
Yes
Kolb
Yes
Murray
Yes
Ryan
Yes
Woerner
Yes
Castorina
Yes
Garbarino
Yes
Lalor
Yes
Niou
Yes
Santabarbara
ER
Wright
Yes
Colton
Yes
Giglio
Yes
Lavine
ER
Nolan
Yes
Schimminger
Yes
Zebrowski
Yes
Cook
Yes
Gjonaj
Yes
Lawrence
Yes
Norris
Yes
Seawright
Yes
Mr. Speaker
Yes
Crespo
Yes
Glick
Yes
Lentol
Yes
Oaks
Yes
Sepulveda

‡ Indicates voting via videoconference
DATE:05/08/2018Assembly Vote  YEA/NAY: 138/0
Yes
Abbate
ER
Crespo
Yes
Giglio
Yes
Magee
Yes
Peoples-Stokes
Yes
Steck
Yes
Abinanti
Yes
Crouch
Yes
Glick
Yes
Magnarelli
Yes
Perry
Yes
Stern
Yes
Arroyo
Yes
Curran
Yes
Goodell
Yes
Malliotakis
Yes
Pheffer Amato
Yes
Stirpe
Yes
Aubry
Yes
Cusick
Yes
Gottfried
Yes
McDonald
Yes
Pichardo
Yes
Taylor
Yes
Barclay
Yes
Cymbrowitz
Yes
Gunther
Yes
McDonough
Yes
Pretlow
Yes
Thiele
Yes
Barnwell
ER
Davila
Yes
Hawley
Yes
Mikulin
Yes
Quart
Yes
Titone
Yes
Barrett
Yes
De La Rosa
Yes
Hevesi
Yes
Miller B
Yes
Ra
ER
Titus
Yes
Barron
Yes
DenDekker
Yes
Hikind
Yes
Miller MG
Yes
Raia
Yes
Vanel
Yes
Benedetto
Yes
Dickens
Yes
Hooper
Yes
Miller ML
Yes
Ramos
Yes
Walker
Yes
Bichotte
Yes
Dilan
Yes
Hunter
Yes
Montesano
Yes
Richardson
Yes
Wallace
Yes
Blake
Yes
Dinowitz
Yes
Hyndman
Yes
Morelle
Yes
Rivera
Yes
Walsh
Yes
Blankenbush
ER
DiPietro
Yes
Jaffee
Yes
Morinello
Yes
Rodriguez
Yes
Walter
Yes
Bohen
Yes
D'Urso
Yes
Jean-Pierre
Yes
Mosley
Yes
Rosenthal D
Yes
Weinstein
Yes
Brabenec
Yes
Englebright
Yes
Jenne
Yes
Murray
Yes
Rosenthal L
Yes
Weprin
Yes
Braunstein
Yes
Epstein
Yes
Johns
Yes
Niou
Yes
Rozic
Yes
Williams
Yes
Brindisi
Yes
Errigo
Yes
Jones
ER
Nolan
Yes
Ryan
Yes
Woerner
Yes
Bronson
Yes
Espinal
Yes
Joyner
Yes
Norris
Yes
Santabarbara
Yes
Wright
Yes
Buchwald
Yes
Fahy
Yes
Kim
Yes
Oaks
Yes
Schimminger
Yes
Zebrowski
Yes
Butler
Yes
Fernandez
Yes
Kolb
Yes
O'Donnell
Yes
Seawright
Yes
Mr. Speaker
Yes
Byrne
Yes
Finch
Yes
Lalor
Yes
Ortiz
Yes
Simon
Yes
Cahill
Yes
Fitzpatrick
Yes
Lavine
Yes
Otis
Yes
Simotas
Yes
Carroll
Yes
Friend
Yes
Lawrence
Yes
Palmesano
Yes
Skoufis
Yes
Castorina
Yes
Galef
Yes
Lentol
Yes
Palumbo
Yes
Smith
Yes
Colton
ER
Gantt
Yes
Lifton
Yes
Paulin
Yes
Solages
Yes
Cook
Yes
Garbarino
Yes
Lupardo
Yes
Pellegrino
Yes
Stec

‡ Indicates voting via videoconference
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A05921 Text:



 
                STATE OF NEW YORK
        ________________________________________________________________________
 
                                          5921
 
                               2017-2018 Regular Sessions
 
                   IN ASSEMBLY
 
                                    February 17, 2017
                                       ___________
 
        Introduced  by  M. of A. WEINSTEIN -- (at request of the Office of Court
          Administration) -- read once and referred to the Committee on  Judici-
          ary
 
        AN  ACT to amend the family court act and the criminal procedure law, in
          relation to notification of rights of victims of domestic violence  in
          criminal and family court proceedings

          The  People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assem-
        bly, do enact as follows:
 
     1    Section 1. Subdivision 5 of section 812 of the family  court  act,  as
     2  amended  by  chapter  224  of  the  laws  of 1994, is amended to read as
     3  follows:
     4    5. Notice. Every police officer, peace officer  or  district  attorney
     5  investigating  a  family  offense  under  this  article shall advise the
     6  victim of the availability of a shelter or other services in the  commu-
     7  nity,  and shall immediately give the victim written notice of the legal
     8  rights and remedies available to a victim of a family offense under  the
     9  relevant  provisions  of  this  act and the criminal procedure law[, the
    10  family court act and the domestic relations law]. Such notice  shall  be
    11  available,  at  minimum,  in  plain  English [and], Spanish, Chinese and
    12  Russian and, if necessary, shall be delivered orally and  shall  include
    13  but  not be limited to the information contained in the following state-
    14  ment:
    15    ["If you are the victim of domestic violence, you may request that the
    16  officer assist in providing for your safety and that of  your  children,
    17  including  providing  information  on how to obtain a temporary order of
    18  protection. You may also request that the officer assist you in  obtain-
    19  ing  your  essential  personal  effects  and locating and taking you, or
    20  assist in making arrangement to take you, and your children  to  a  safe
    21  place within such officer's jurisdiction, including but not limited to a
    22  domestic violence program, a family member's or a friend's residence, or
    23  a  similar place of safety. When the officer's jurisdiction is more than

         EXPLANATION--Matter in italics (underscored) is new; matter in brackets
                              [ ] is old law to be omitted.
                                                                   LBD06511-01-7

        A. 5921                             2

     1  a single county, you may ask the officer to take you  or  make  arrange-
     2  ments  to  take you and your children to a place of safety in the county
     3  where the incident occurred. If you or your  children  are  in  need  of
     4  medical treatment, you have the right to request that the officer assist
     5  you  in  obtaining such medical treatment. You may request a copy of any
     6  incident reports at no cost from the law enforcement  agency.  You  have
     7  the  right to seek legal counsel of your own choosing and if you proceed
     8  in family court and if it is determined that you cannot afford an attor-
     9  ney, one must be appointed to represent you without cost to you.
    10    You may ask the district attorney or a law enforcement officer to file
    11  a criminal complaint. You also have the right to file a petition in  the
    12  family  court  when a family offense has been committed against you. You
    13  have the right to have  your  petition  and  request  for  an  order  of
    14  protection  filed  on the same day you appear in court, and such request
    15  must be heard that same day or the next day court is in session.  Either
    16  court may issue an order of protection from conduct constituting a fami-
    17  ly offense which could include, among other provisions, an order for the
    18  respondent  or  defendant  to  stay away from you and your children. The
    19  family court may also order the payment of temporary child  support  and
    20  award  temporary custody of your children. If the family court is not in
    21  session, you may seek immediate assistance from the  criminal  court  in
    22  obtaining an order of protection.
    23    The forms you need to obtain an order of protection are available from
    24  the  family  court and the local criminal court (the addresses and tele-
    25  phone numbers shall be listed). The resources available in this communi-
    26  ty for information relating to domestic violence, treatment of injuries,
    27  and places of safety and shelters can be accessed by calling the follow-
    28  ing 800 numbers (the statewide English and Spanish language 800  numbers
    29  shall  be listed and space shall be provided for local domestic violence
    30  hotline telephone numbers).
    31    Filing a criminal complaint or  a  family  court  petition  containing
    32  allegations  that  are knowingly false is a crime."] "Are you the victim
    33  of domestic violence? If you need help now, you can  call  911  for  the
    34  police  to  come  to you. You can also call a domestic violence hotline.
    35  You can have a confidential talk with an advocate at the  hotline  about
    36  help  you  can get in your community including: where you can get treat-
    37  ment for injuries, where you can get shelter, where you can get support,
    38  and what you can do to be safe. The New York State  24-hour  Domestic  &
    39  Sexual Violence Hotline number is (Insert the statewide multilingual 800
    40  number).  They  can  give  you information in many languages. If you are
    41  deaf or hard of hearing, call 711.  This is what the police can do:
    42    They can help you and your children find a safe place such as a family
    43  or friend's house or a shelter in your community.
    44    You can ask the officer to take you or help you and your children  get
    45  to a safe place in your community.
    46    They can help connect you to a local domestic violence program.
    47    They can help you get to a hospital or clinic for medical care.
    48    They can help you get your personal belongings.
    49    They  must  complete  a report discussing the incident. They will give
    50  you a copy of this police report before they  leave  the  scene.  It  is
    51  free.
    52    They  may, and sometimes must, arrest the person who harmed you if you
    53  are the victim of a crime. The person arrested could be released at  any
    54  time, so it is important to plan for your safety.
    55    If  you  have  been abused or threatened, this is what you can ask the
    56  police or district attorney to do:

        A. 5921                             3
 
     1    File a criminal complaint against the person who harmed you.
     2    Ask  the  criminal  court  to issue an order of protection for you and
     3  your child if the district attorney  files  a  criminal  case  with  the
     4  court.
     5    Give  you  information  about filing a family offense petition in your
     6  local family court.
     7    You also have the right to ask  the  family  court  for  an  order  of
     8  protection for you and your children.
     9    This is what you can ask the family court to do:
    10    To  have  your  family  offense  petition filed the same day you go to
    11  court.
    12    To have your request heard in court the same day you file or the  next
    13  day court is open.
    14    Only  a judge can issue an order of protection. The judge does that as
    15  part of a criminal or family court case against the  person  who  harmed
    16  you.  An  order  of  protection in family court or in criminal court can
    17  say:
    18    That the other person have no contact or  communication  with  you  by
    19  mail, phone, computer or through other people.
    20    That the other person stay away from you and your children, your home,
    21  job or school.
    22    That  the  other  person  not  assault, harass, threaten, strangle, or
    23  commit another family offense against you or your children.
    24    That the other person turn in their firearms  and  firearms  licenses,
    25  and not get any more firearms.
    26    That you have temporary custody of your children.
    27    That the other person pay temporary child support.
    28    That the other person not harm your pets or service animals.
    29    If  the  family  court  is closed because it is night, a weekend, or a
    30  holiday, you can go  to  a  criminal  court  to  ask  for  an  order  of
    31  protection.
    32    If  you  do not speak English or cannot speak it well, you can ask the
    33  police, the district attorney, or the criminal or family  court  to  get
    34  you  an  interpreter  who speaks your language. The interpreter can help
    35  you explain what happened.
    36    You can get the forms you need to ask for an order  of  protection  at
    37  your  local  family  court (Insert addresses and contact information for
    38  courts).  You can also get them online: www.NYCourts.gov/forms.
    39    You do not need a lawyer to ask for an order of protection. You have a
    40  right to get a lawyer in the family court. If  the  family  court  finds
    41  that  you  cannot  afford  to  pay for a lawyer, it must get you one for
    42  free.
    43    If you file a complaint or family court petition, you will be asked to
    44  swear to its truthfulness because it is a crime to file a legal document
    45  that you know is false."
    46    The division of criminal justice services  in  consultation  with  the
    47  state  office  for the prevention of domestic violence shall prepare the
    48  form of such written notice  consistent  with  the  provisions  of  this
    49  section and distribute copies thereof to the appropriate law enforcement
    50  officials  pursuant  to subdivision nine of section eight hundred forty-
    51  one of the executive law. Additionally, copies of such notice  shall  be
    52  provided  to  the chief administrator of the courts to be distributed to
    53  victims of family offenses through the family court at such time as such
    54  persons first come before the court  and  to  the  state  department  of
    55  health  for  distribution to all hospitals defined under article twenty-
    56  eight of the public health law. No cause of  action  for  damages  shall

        A. 5921                             4
 
     1  arise in favor of any person by reason of any failure to comply with the
     2  provisions of this subdivision except upon a showing of gross negligence
     3  or willful misconduct.
     4    § 2. Subdivision 6 of section 530.11 of the criminal procedure law, as
     5  amended  by  chapter  224  of  the  laws  of 1994, is amended to read as
     6  follows:
     7    6. Notice. Every police officer, peace officer  or  district  attorney
     8  investigating  a  family  offense  under  this  article shall advise the
     9  victim of the availability of a shelter or other services in the  commu-
    10  nity,  and shall immediately give the victim written notice of the legal
    11  rights and remedies available to a victim of a family offense under  the
    12  relevant  provisions  of  [the criminal procedure law,] this chapter and
    13  the family court act [and the domestic relations law]. Such notice shall
    14  be prepared, at  minimum,  in  plain  English,  Spanish  [and  English],
    15  Chinese  and  Russian  and  if necessary, shall be delivered orally, and
    16  shall include but not be limited to the  information  contained  in  the
    17  following statement:
    18    ["If you are the victim of domestic violence, you may request that the
    19  officer  assist  in providing for your safety and that of your children,
    20  including providing information on how to obtain a  temporary  order  of
    21  protection.  You may also request that the officer assist you in obtain-
    22  ing your essential personal effects and  locating  and  taking  you,  or
    23  assist  in  making arrangements to take you, and your children to a safe
    24  place within such officer's jurisdiction, including but not limited to a
    25  domestic violence program, a family member's or a friend's residence, or
    26  a similar place of safety. When the officer's jurisdiction is more  than
    27  a  single  county,  you may ask the officer to take you or make arrange-
    28  ments to take you and your children to a place of safety in  the  county
    29  where  the  incident  occurred.  If  you or your children are in need of
    30  medical treatment, you have the right to request that the officer assist
    31  you in obtaining such medical treatment. You may request a copy  of  any
    32  incident  reports  at  no cost from the law enforcement agency. You have
    33  the right to seek legal counsel of your own choosing and if you  proceed
    34  in family court and if it is determined that you cannot afford an attor-
    35  ney, one must be appointed to represent you without cost to you.
    36    You may ask the district attorney or a law enforcement officer to file
    37  a  criminal complaint. You also have the right to file a petition in the
    38  family court when a family offense has been committed against  you.  You
    39  have  the  right  to  have  your  petition  and  request for an order of
    40  protection filed on the same day you appear in court, and  such  request
    41  must  be heard that same day or the next day court is in session. Either
    42  court may issue an order of protection from conduct constituting a fami-
    43  ly offense which could include, among other provisions, an order for the
    44  respondent or defendant to stay away from you  and  your  children.  The
    45  family  court  may also order the payment of temporary child support and
    46  award temporary custody of your children. If the family court is not  in
    47  session,  you  may  seek immediate assistance from the criminal court in
    48  obtaining an order of protection.
    49    The forms you need to obtain an order of protection are available from
    50  the family court and the local criminal court (the addresses  and  tele-
    51  phone numbers shall be listed). The resources available in this communi-
    52  ty for information relating to domestic violence, treatment of injuries,
    53  and places of safety and shelters can be accessed by calling the follow-
    54  ing  800 numbers (the statewide English and Spanish language 800 numbers
    55  shall be listed and space shall be provided for local domestic  violence
    56  hotline telephone numbers).

        A. 5921                             5

     1    Filing  a  criminal  complaint  or  a family court petition containing
     2  allegations that are knowingly false is a crime."] "Are you  the  victim
     3  of  domestic  violence?  If  you need help now, you can call 911 for the
     4  police to come to you. You can also call a  domestic  violence  hotline.
     5  You  can  have a confidential talk with an advocate at the hotline about
     6  help you can get in your community including: where you can  get  treat-
     7  ment for injuries, where you can get shelter, where you can get support,
     8  and  what  you  can do to be safe. The New York State 24-hour Domestic &
     9  Sexual Violence Hotline number is (Insert the statewide multilingual 800
    10  number). They can give you information in many  languages.  If  you  are
    11  deaf or hard of hearing, call 711.
    12    This is what the police can do:
    13    They can help you and your children find a safe place such as a family
    14  or friend's house or a shelter in your community.
    15    You  can ask the officer to take you or help you and your children get
    16  to a safe place in your community.
    17    They can help connect you to a local domestic violence program.
    18    They can help you get to a hospital or clinic for medical care.
    19    They can help you get your personal belongings.
    20    They must complete a report discussing the incident.  They  will  give
    21  you  a  copy  of  this  police report before they leave the scene. It is
    22  free.
    23    They may, and sometimes must, arrest the person who harmed you if  you
    24  are  the victim of a crime. The person arrested could be released at any
    25  time, so it is important to plan for your safety.
    26    If you have been abused or threatened, this is what you  can  ask  the
    27  police or district attorney to do:
    28    File a criminal complaint against the person who harmed you.
    29    Ask  the  criminal  court  to issue an order of protection for you and
    30  your child if the district attorney  files  a  criminal  case  with  the
    31  court.
    32    Give  you  information  about filing a family offense petition in your
    33  local family court.
    34    You also have the right to ask  the  family  court  for  an  order  of
    35  protection for you and your children.
    36    This is what you can ask the family court to do:
    37    To  have  your  family  offense  petition filed the same day you go to
    38  court.
    39    To have your request heard in court the same day you file or the  next
    40  day court is open.
    41    Only  a judge can issue an order of protection. The judge does that as
    42  part of a criminal or family court case against the  person  who  harmed
    43  you.  An  order  of  protection in family court or in criminal court can
    44  say:
    45    That the other person have no contact or  communication  with  you  by
    46  mail, phone, computer or through other people.
    47    That the other person stay away from you and your children, your home,
    48  job or school.
    49    That  the  other  person  not  assault, harass, threaten, strangle, or
    50  commit another family offense against you or your children.
    51    That the other person turn in their firearms  and  firearms  licenses,
    52  and not get any more firearms.
    53    That you have temporary custody of your children.
    54    That the other person pay temporary child support.
    55    That the other person not harm your pets or service animals.

        A. 5921                             6
 
     1    If  the  family  court  is closed because it is night, a weekend, or a
     2  holiday, you can go  to  a  criminal  court  to  ask  for  an  order  of
     3  protection.
     4    If  you  do not speak English or cannot speak it well, you can ask the
     5  police, the district attorney, or the criminal or family  court  to  get
     6  you  an  interpreter  who speaks your language. The interpreter can help
     7  you explain what happened.
     8    You can get the forms you need to ask for an order  of  protection  at
     9  your  local  family  court (Insert addresses and contact information for
    10  courts).  You can also get them online: www.NYCourts.gov/forms.
    11    You do not need a lawyer to ask for an order of protection.
    12    You have a right to get a lawyer in the family court.  If  the  family
    13  court  finds that you cannot afford to pay for a lawyer, it must get you
    14  one for free.
    15    If you file a complaint or family court petition, you will be asked to
    16  swear to its truthfulness because it is a crime to file a legal document
    17  that you know is false."
    18    The division of criminal justice services  in  consultation  with  the
    19  state  office  for the prevention of domestic violence shall prepare the
    20  form of such written notice consistent with provisions of  this  section
    21  and  distribute  copies thereof to the appropriate law enforcement offi-
    22  cials pursuant to subdivision nine of section eight hundred forty-one of
    23  the executive law.
    24    Additionally, copies of such notice shall be  provided  to  the  chief
    25  administrator  of  the  courts  to  be  distributed to victims of family
    26  offenses through the criminal court at such time as such  persons  first
    27  come before the court and to the state department of health for distrib-
    28  ution  to all hospitals defined under article twenty-eight of the public
    29  health law. No cause of action for damages shall arise in favor  of  any
    30  person  by  reason  of any failure to comply with the provisions of this
    31  subdivision except upon a showing of gross negligence or willful miscon-
    32  duct.
    33    § 3. This act shall take effect on the ninetieth day  after  it  shall
    34  have become a law.
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